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  • Title IX of the Educational Amendments, 1972

    As the attention of women's rights activists turned to education in the early 1970s, the inequities were quite evident. Girls and women had long suffered from severe discrimination and the issue of sex bias in education finally moved into the public eye. Representative Edith Green (Oregon) was the first to introduce a higher education bill regarding gender equity. The hearings held in the summer of 1970 were the first steps toward the enactment of Title IX. Congressional activity increased when Senator Birch Bayh (Indiana) and Senator George McGovern (South Dakota) displayed their commitment to fight sex discrimination. Despite five proposals brought forth by the House, Senate, and White House, there was little agreement on how to eradicate the inequalities plaguing America's schools. Finally a House and Senate Committee was created to settle the differences and the final legislation resulted in Title IX. Title IX is enforced by the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights (OCR) and was modeled after Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, and national origin. The exclusion of sex in Title VII prompted women's rights advocates to take congressional action and Title IX was followed by other civil rights legislation prohibiting age and disability discrimination.

    Denying the benefits of physical education for women would be admitting sports is not an important part of girls' lives. Survey after survey reveals that participation in sports increases self-esteem and self-confidence. Aside from psychological well being, the health benefits of exercise have been confirmed to have positive long-term effects. The Department of Health and the Women's Basketball Coaches Association expressed serious interest in the advantages of sports participation. Surveys reported fairly common sense conclusions. Involvement in physical activity at a young age reduces the likelihood of developing a number of harmful health conditions including high blood sugar, cholesterol and blood pressure. Fundamental motor skills are enhanced and competitive activities can improve one's sense of competence and control. Overall, athletics encourages a positive body image, which improves the mental health of adolescent girls. Numerous surveys claim that girls who participate in sports are more likely to be academically successful and graduate from high school. The average female athlete experiences high self esteem, self confidence and positive body image, but more importantly physical fitness is most beneficial in terms of long term health. Some surveys have even gone so far as to say that exercise and activity can reduce a woman's risk of breast cancer and osteoporosis.


    Copyright Molly Egan, Jason Wood; Lehigh University 1999